speech due on

Aim

simplicity, conciseness, authenticity

50 sentences

• “i’ve learnt more from my failures than i have from my successes” “show me someone who hasn’t failed and i will show you someone who has never tried” “you will fail your way to success”

• when someone says these things… i think to myself “hang on, we got some sort of genius here” I’ve never heard this advice before.

• do you know what you are going to say before you say it. most of the time you don’t.
• when you are about to say something… you don’t actually know how the sentence is going to end
• i often discover my political views the first time i try articulating them to someone
• an example of me forming my own political opinions as i say them for the first time. (THIS IS A REALLY TOUGH ONE BECAUSE I WANT AN ACTUAL EXAMPLE I HAVE EXPERIENCED AND HAVENT GOT ONE RECENTLY)

• crafting a sentence

• an example of a story that you know is interesting but takes telling it a couple of times to get good.
• story in france… waiter tried stealing 59 euros…. what happened… tease the story out of me…
• at restarant… lovely weekend… benn telling people actually… realised … few days earlier… lift telling people how generous and kind the french people are..
• then realise at restaurant on Monday morning waiter tries to steal 50 euros from me
• with rhetoric… not only know how going to end… structured in most convincing memorable way possible

CHOOSING WHAT YOU ARE GOING TO LEAVE OUT - RHETORIC CRAFTS IT

• the power of OMISSION
• what is left out and NOT said is more important (as important as what you say)
  • does anyone want to have a guess at why that is….
  • curious to know if anyone has thought about it
  • then i have my responses… and some clues…

(dont say this) if want to be great public speaker you have to prep a lot of lines

curiosity keeps people interested

pacing… giving pauses so audience can catch up

over explaining signals insecurity

over explaining is patronising

over explaining is mundane, repetitive, unoriginal

drowns out the key message

Zeigarnik effect — people remember incomplete or interrupted information better than something fully resolved.

Major premise: anyone who changed the world endured repeated failures.

Minor premise: You fail your way to success.

Conclusion: each of use in this room that are failing in life at the moment…. are on the same path as people that changed the world.

the reason said it like that is a bore is to tell everything.” — Voltaire

could have said…. we learn from failures. failures teach what not to do. we fail our way to success. and

ail… they shift from engaged curiosity to passive endurance

a dance not a data dump

mous for his “iceberg theory”: the deeper meaning should be implicit, with only a fraction on the surface.

A good speech should be like a woman’s skirt; long enough to cover the subject and short enough to create interest.”

I am to speak for ten minutes, I need a week for preparation; if fifteen minutes, three days; if half an hour, two days; if an hour, I am ready now.”

ing

ople remember incomplete or interrupted information better than something fully resolved.

ks on rhetoric, particularly in “Rhetoric,” discussed the
. Here are ten key points he made about enthymemes:

thymeme is a rhetorical syllogism, often used in persuasive

sm: It is a syllogism with an implied premise, making it

nthymemes are more persuasive than complete syllogisms
ge the audience’s reasoning.
They rely on premises that are generally accepted or known

5 Flexibility: Enthymemes allow for flexibility in argumentation, adapting to the audience’s beliefs.
6 Emotion and Logic: They blend logical reasoning with emotional appeal.
7 Audience Participation: By leaving premises unstated, they encourage
audience participation in completing the argument.
8 Practicality: Enthymemes are practical for everyday discourse, unlike formal syllogisms.
9 Effectiveness: Their effectiveness lies in their ability to be both concise and impactful.
10 Contextual: The success of an enthymeme depends on the context and the
audience’s preconceptions.

These points highlight Aristotle’s view of enthymemes as essential tools in
rhetoric for effective persuasion.

the fact that if someone believes something about themselves… it comes through in what they say. they may have not even articulated the fact to themselves.

U2 … you give yourself away and you give yourself away and you give and you give….. without or wihout you

Yes, the concept of enthymeme, often discussed in rhetoric and philosophy,
suggests that people often communicate with implicit premises or assumptions.
Aristotle described enthymemes as rhetorical syllogisms where one premise is not explicitly stated, relying on the audience to fill in the gaps. This can reveal underlying beliefs or views that the speaker may not have consciously
articulated. The idea is that what people choose to say, and how they say it,
can inadvertently expose their deeper, perhaps unexamined, convictions or
biases. This is a common topic in studies of discourse analysis and cognitive
psychology.

While the term “enthymeme” is primarily rooted in rhetoric and philosophy, its
concept is relevant to discourse analysis and cognitive psychology. In these
fields, the focus is often on understanding implicit meanings, assumptions, and cognitive processes behind communication. Discourse analysis examines how
language is used in context, often uncovering unspoken premises similar to
enthymemes. Cognitive psychology explores how people process information and
form beliefs, which can include understanding implicit reasoning. While they may not always use the term “enthymeme,” the underlying idea of implicit assumptions in communication is certainly relevant to both fields.

In discourse analysis and cognitive psychology, the concept similar to
enthymemes is often referred to as “implicit assumptions” or “implicit
premises.” These terms describe the unstated beliefs or ideas that underlie
communication. In cognitive psychology, researchers might also discuss “schemas” or “mental models,” which are frameworks that help individuals process and
interpret information, often containing implicit assumptions. In discourse
analysis, terms like “presuppositions” or “inferences” are used to describe the background knowledge or assumptions that speakers and listeners bring to a
conversation. These concepts help analyze how meaning is constructed and
understood in communication.

In U2’s song “With or Without You,” the phrase “you give yourself away” can be
interpreted as a reflection on vulnerability and self-sacrifice in a
relationship. The lyrics convey a sense of emotional exposure and the
complexities of love, where one might feel they are losing themselves or giving too much of themselves to another person. This line captures the tension between desire and the fear of losing one’s identity within a deep emotional connection. The song’s themes are open to interpretation, allowing listeners to find
personal meaning in the lyrics.

Yes, you can relate the tension between desire and the fear of losing one’s
identity within a deep emotional connection to the concept of enthymeme. In this context, the explicit communication might involve expressions of love or
commitment, while the implicit premises (enthymemes) could include unspoken
fears or desires. For instance, someone might express a desire for closeness,
but the underlying, unstated fear might be losing their individuality. Analyzing these interactions through the lens of enthymemes can reveal the complex, often unarticulated emotional dynamics at play, highlighting how implicit assumptions shape relationships and personal identity.

That sounds like a compelling topic for a speech! Here’s a brief outline to help you structure your ideas:

1 Introduction:
• Introduce the concept of “What’s Missing” as a theme.
• Briefly define enthymeme and its role in rhetoric.
2 Rhetorical Usage of Enthymeme:
• Explain how enthymemes function in persuasive communication.
• Provide examples of enthymemes in famous speeches or everyday
conversations.
3 Beyond Rhetoric:
• Discuss how enthymemes reveal implicit assumptions in various contexts,
such as interpersonal relationships and decision-making.
• Highlight the importance of recognizing these implicit premises for better understanding and communication.
4 Public Speaking Skills:
• Connect enthymemes to broader public speaking skills, such as audience
analysis and emotional intelligence.
• Emphasize how these skills are valuable in diverse fields, from business
to personal development.
5 Conclusion:
• Summarize the key points.
• Encourage the audience to explore “what’s missing” in their own
communication and interactions.

This structure allows you to explore the multifaceted nature of enthymemes and
their relevance beyond traditional rhetoric.

ive just received some feedback from my toastmasters speech… what did they say:

speak authoritatively…. ok could be good …. but what does it also mean. it means i dont show humility. or i don’t show it also says theyd be interested to know where i get my information from on this subject….

That sounds like a great approach! Here are some ideas to make your speech
heartfelt, relatable, and engaging:

1 Personal Anecdotes:
• Share a personal story where an unspoken assumption led to a
misunderstanding or a moment of clarity. This can make the concept of
enthymeme more relatable.
2 Everyday Examples:
• Use common scenarios, like a friend saying “I’m fine” when they’re not, to illustrate how enthymemes work in daily life.
3 Humor and Novelty:
• Incorporate humorous examples or analogies, like comparing enthymemes to
the missing piece in a jigsaw puzzle or the punchline of a joke.
4 Interactive Elements:
• Engage the audience with a quick exercise where they identify the
“missing” part of a statement or story.
5 Emotional Connection:
• Discuss how recognizing what’s unspoken can deepen relationships and
improve communication, tapping into universal desires for connection and
understanding.

These elements can help make your speech both memorable and impactful.

Comparing enthymemes to punchlines is an insightful analogy that highlights the role of the audience in completing the message. In both cases, the speaker
relies on the audience to fill in the gaps. For enthymemes, this involves
understanding the implicit premises or assumptions that are not explicitly
stated. Similarly, a punchline often depends on the audience’s ability to
connect the dots and grasp the underlying humor or irony.

This comparison underscores the interactive nature of communication, where
meaning is co-constructed by the speaker and the audience. It also emphasizes
the importance of shared knowledge and context in effective communication,
whether in rhetoric or humor. This analogy can be a powerful tool in your speech to illustrate how enthymemes function in everyday interactions.

so i start with a witty anecdote that turns into a joke where puchline changes audiences assumptions.

i then say probably heard Jimmy Carr… nowadays sometimes gives a definition of a joke….

actually much more general case of this …. really long weird word… so i wrote it down…. enthymeme.

Yes, Donald Trump has used enthymemes in his speeches and public statements. His communication style often involves making bold claims or statements that rely on implicit assumptions, which his audience is expected to understand or agree
with. For example, he might make a statement about economic success or national security that assumes a shared understanding of what constitutes success or
security without explicitly stating all the underlying premises. This approach
can be effective in rallying support, as it engages the audience in completing
the argument, often aligning with their pre-existing beliefs or emotions. This
technique is common in persuasive political rhetoric.

One notable example of Donald Trump using enthymemes is his campaign slogan,
“Make America Great Again.” This phrase implies several unstated premises: that America was once great, that it is no longer great, and that his leadership will restore this greatness. The audience is left to fill in these gaps based on
their own beliefs and experiences.

Another example is his frequent statements about building a wall on the
U.S.-Mexico border. The explicit statement is about the wall, but the implicit
premises include assumptions about immigration, security, and economic impact.
These enthymemes resonate with audiences who share these underlying beliefs,
making them effective rhetorical tools.

Yes, dog whistle politics often employs enthymemes. In this context, politicians use coded language or phrases that convey a specific message to a targeted
audience while remaining ambiguous or innocuous to others. The explicit
statement might seem neutral, but it carries implicit premises or connotations
understood by those familiar with the underlying message.

For example, a politician might use terms like “law and order” or “family
values,” which can have specific, unstated implications for certain audiences.
These phrases rely on the audience to fill in the gaps with shared cultural or
ideological assumptions, making them a form of enthymeme in political rhetoric.

The phrase “law and order” in political rhetoric often carries implicit meanings beyond its literal sense. While it explicitly refers to maintaining public
safety and enforcing laws, it can also imply a tougher stance on crime, stricter policing, and harsher penalties. Historically, it has been used to appeal to
voters concerned about crime and social unrest, often in contexts involving
racial or social tensions.

In some cases, “law and order” has been a dog whistle, subtly signaling support for policies that disproportionately affect marginalized communities, without
explicitly stating such intentions. The phrase can evoke a desire for stability and control, resonating with audiences who prioritize security and traditional
social norms.

Yes, the phrase “law and order” has historically been used in the U.S. as a
political strategy that often targeted Black communities, particularly during
the civil rights movement and beyond. In the 1960s and 1970s, politicians like
Richard Nixon and later Ronald Reagan used “law and order” rhetoric to appeal to voters who were concerned about civil unrest and rising crime rates. This
language was often a response to the civil rights protests and was used to
justify policies that increased policing and incarceration, disproportionately
affecting Black communities.

The phrase served as a dog whistle, signaling a tough-on-crime stance while
implicitly addressing racial anxieties without overtly mentioning race. This
strategy has been critiqued for perpetuating systemic racism and contributing to the over-policing and mass incarceration of Black Americans.

Certainly! Here are examples of dog whistle politics from both the left and
right in the UK:

1 Right-Wing Example: “Take Back Control”
• Used prominently during the Brexit campaign, this phrase appealed to
voters’ desires for national sovereignty and control over immigration.
While it explicitly focused on regaining legislative power from the EU, it implicitly signaled concerns about immigration and national identity,
resonating with those worried about cultural and economic impacts.
2 Left-Wing Example: “For the Many, Not the Few”
• This slogan, used by the Labour Party, explicitly promotes social and
economic equality. Implicitly, it signals a critique of wealth
concentration and corporate influence, appealing to those who feel
marginalized by neoliberal policies. It suggests a focus on redistributing resources and power, resonating with voters who prioritize social justice and economic reform.

Both examples use language that conveys broader ideological messages, resonating with specific voter concerns without explicitly detailing all underlying
assumptions.

Enthymemes can often be innocuous or even unnoticed by those who do not share
the underlying premise. This is because the implicit assumptions or premises are not explicitly stated, relying on the audience’s existing beliefs or knowledge
to fill in the gaps. If someone does not share or recognize these underlying
assumptions, the enthymeme may not resonate with them or may be interpreted
differently.

For example, a political slogan or statement might strongly resonate with
supporters who share the implicit beliefs, while others might find it vague or
unconvincing. This characteristic makes enthymemes a powerful tool in rhetoric, as they can effectively communicate complex ideas to a targeted audience while
remaining less impactful or controversial to others.

That’s a clever use of an enthymeme in a joke! Here’s how it works:

1 Explicit Statement: You’re told not to talk about politics, sex, and religion in public speaking.
2 Implicit Premise: These topics are often controversial or sensitive, which is why they’re typically avoided.
3 Punchline: You express frustration because these are your favorite topics,
except for politics, which you admit to knowing little about.

The humor arises from the unexpected twist in the punchline, where the audience fills in the gap with the assumption that you enjoy discussing all three topics. The joke plays on the common understanding of these subjects as taboo, while
also poking fun at your own lack of knowledge in one area.

Ah, I see! The joke aims to lead the audience to infer that you know a lot about sex and religion, given your admission of not knowing much about politics.
Here’s a refined version to make that implication clearer:

“In public speaking, they say to avoid talking about politics, sex, and
religion. It’s frustrating because those are some of my favorite topics—well,
except politics. I don’t know much about that one.”

This setup encourages the audience to fill in the gap, leading them to assume
you have a keen interest or expertise in the other two topics, sex and religion, thus creating the intended humorous inference.

Exactly! The joke cleverly plays on the stereotype that religious individuals
might not openly discuss or focus on sex, creating an intriguing contrast. By
implying that you know a lot about both sex and religion, the joke adds a layer of irony and curiosity. This unexpected combination can make the punchline more engaging and memorable, as it challenges common assumptions and invites the
audience to consider the juxtaposition. This kind of humor, which relies on the audience’s ability to infer and connect ideas, is a great example of using
enthymemes effectively in a joke.

August Educational Speech

initial thoughts

go for modern language rather than the techncial terms e.g. credibility not ethos

go for the “these are things toastmasters don’t teach you….” * honorifics…. y’alright. * play acting… give us your natural voice

fit in canons of rhetoric and modes of persuasion

they say warmup is a chance for us to connect…. i actually disagree… in the warmup i never listen to what anybody says until ive had my go thats part of the reason ill never sit in the corners of the crowd because i know chance of being asked first.

• veronicka slalom the way to get over this over rehearsing problem
• sprezzatura - another ws ay to get over this authenticity problem.. by faking it
• famous american quote something like authenticity - if you can fake that you can achieve anything
• air a bug bear… the way speeches that win toastmaster competitions look
• an example of something seen in
• ted talk by such and such… anyone seen it … probably have…. stands up there hand in one pocket breaking toastmaster rules and gives one of most interesting talks on subject of education i’ve ever heard.
• the over rehearsed stuff… in my opinoin has its plce but should be like and demonstrate by example .

• toastmaster world chamdipion of

• here is my summary of subject matter of winning toastmaster speech content:
• ridiculous story about protecting someones shoes; attempt at being a commedian; in the end tied it to us all having a very important mission to accepting of one another…..
• story about trying to get into heaven; comedian; 37 strangers telling us we have value rather than saying it ourselves, treat each other with dignity.
• perhaps it comes down to not having anything worthwhile to say….
• balance approach: who has seen world champion toastmaster speeches on youtube…. and what did you think of them… good or not … be honest
• i appreciate the some of the skill.

Ethymeme

An enthymeme is a rhetorical device or argument in which one premise is not
explicitly stated, often because it is assumed to be obvious or accepted by the audience. In modern usage, it is a form of syllogism where the conclusion is
drawn from two premises, but one of the premises is implicit. This can make the argument more persuasive by engaging the audience to fill in the missing part
themselves. Enthymemes are commonly used in everyday reasoning and persuasive
writing, where brevity and engagement are key.

A quote that captures the essence of leaving things out to maintain interest is by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry:

“Perfection is achieved, not when there is nothing more to add, but when there
is nothing left to take away.”

This quote suggests that simplicity and the art of omission can lead to more
engaging and compelling outcomes, whether in writing, design, or any creative
endeavor.

“Trite” refers to something that is overused and consequently lacks originality or freshness. It describes ideas, expressions, or elements that have become
clichéd or commonplace due to excessive repetition. In literature, speech, or
art, trite elements fail to engage or inspire because they are predictable and
lack novelty.

someone tells me that thomas edison failed a 1000 times, if you are not failing you are not trying, or that you hav to fail your way to success….

im sorry… ive heard it all before… im bored…. tell me something i dont know.

you have to fail in order to succeed. when you fail you have to learn from your mistakes. i became successful business person by failing at half a dozen business ventures first.

boring. stated all the bits and pieces.

500 terrible toastmaster performances turned me into a fantastic public speaker….